Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 1 of 11 SAFETY DATA SHEET Category 1Flammable aerosolsPhysical hazards Category 4Acute toxicity, inhalationHealth hazards Category 2ASerious eye damage/eye irritation Not classified.OSHA defined hazards Label elements Signal word Danger Hazard statement Extremely flammable aerosol. Causes serious eye irritation. Harmful if inhaled. Precautionary statement Prevention Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. - No smoking. Do not spray on an open flame or other ignition source. Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Avoid breathing gas. Wash thoroughly after handling. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear eye protection/face protection. Response If inhaled: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. If in eyes: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. Call a poison center/doctor if you feel unwell. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. Storage Protect from sunlight. Do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50?C/122?F. Disposal Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations. Category 3Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard Environmental hazards Category 3Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard Hazard(s) not otherwise classified (HNOC) None known. Supplemental information None. Mixtures CAS number %Common name and synonymsChemical name 67-64-1 10 - 20Acetone 72623-86-0 10 - 20Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C15-30, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based SECTION 1 PRODUCT and COMPANY INFORMATION TRADE NAME: Castle? Endura? PRODUCT TYPE: Heavy Duty Penetrating Grease PRODUCT CODE: C1630 MANUFACTURED FOR: Castle Products, Inc. 424 St. Paul Street Rochester, NY 14605 (800) 876-0222 EMERGENCY (585) 275-3232 SECTION 2 HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION SECTION 3 COMPOSITION INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 2 of 11 CAS number %Common name and synonymsChemical name 72623-87-1 10 - 20Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C20-50, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based 8009-03-8 10 - 20Petrolatum 74-98-6 10 - 20Propane 75-28-5 2.5 - 10Isobutane 426260-76-6 1 - 2.5Heptane, branched, cyclic and linear 64742-49-0 1 - 2.5Naphtha (petroleum), Hydrotreated Light Other components below reportable levels 20 - 40 110-82-7 0.1 - 1Cyclohexane *Designates that a specific chemical identity and/or percentage of composition has been withheld as a trade secret. Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Oxygen or artificial respiration if needed. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell. Inhalation Wash off with soap and water. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists.Skin contact Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. If eye irritation persists: Get medical advice/attention. Eye contact In the unlikely event of swallowing contact a physician or poison control center. Rinse mouth.Ingestion Severe eye irritation. Symptoms may include stinging, tearing, redness, swelling, and blurred vision. Most important symptoms/effects, acute and delayed Provide general supportive measures and treat symptomatically. Keep victim warm. Keep victim under observation. Symptoms may be delayed. Indication of immediate medical attention and special treatment needed Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved, and take precautions to protect themselves. General information Alcohol resistant foam. Dry powder. Carbon dioxide (CO2).Suitable extinguishing media Do not use water jet as an extinguisher, as this will spread the fire.Unsuitable extinguishing media Contents under pressure. Pressurized container may explode when exposed to heat or flame. During fire, gases hazardous to health may be formed. Specific hazards arising from the chemical Firefighters must use standard protective equipment including flame retardant coat, helmet with face shield, gloves, rubber boots, and in enclosed spaces, SCBA. Special protective equipment and precautions for firefighters Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. Containers should be cooled with water to prevent vapor pressure build up. For massive fire in cargo area, use unmanned hose holder or monitor nozzles, if possible. If not, withdraw and let fire burn out. Fire fighting equipment/instructions Use standard firefighting procedures and consider the hazards of other involved materials. Move containers from fire area if you can do so without risk. In the event of fire and/or explosion do not breathe fumes. Specific methods Extremely flammable aerosol.General fire hazards Keep unnecessary personnel away. Keep people away from and upwind of spill/leak. Wear appropriate protective equipment and clothing during clean-up. Avoid breathing gas. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Local authorities should be advised if significant spillages cannot be contained. For personal protection, see section 8 of the SDS. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures SECTION 4 FIRST AID MEASURES SECTION 5 FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES SECTION 6 ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 3 of 11 Refer to attached safety data sheets and/or instructions for use. Stop leak if you can do so without risk. Move the cylinder to a safe and open area if the leak is irreparable. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. Eliminate all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks, or flames in immediate area). Keep combustibles (wood, paper, oil, etc.) away from spilled material. Prevent product from entering drains. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb in vermiculite, dry sand or earth and place into containers. Following product recovery, flush area with water. Small Spills: Wipe up with absorbent material (e.g. cloth, fleece). Clean surface thoroughly to remove residual contamination. For waste disposal, see section 13 of the SDS. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up Avoid release to the environment. Inform appropriate managerial or supervisory personnel of all environmental releases. Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Avoid discharge into drains, water courses or onto the ground. Environmental precautions Pressurized container: Do not pierce or burn, even after use. Do not use if spray button is missing or defective. Do not spray on a naked flame or any other incandescent material. Do not smoke while using or until sprayed surface is thoroughly dry. Do not cut, weld, solder, drill, grind, or expose containers to heat, flame, sparks, or other sources of ignition. All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not re-use empty containers. Avoid breathing gas. Avoid contact with eyes. Use only outdoors or in a well-ventilated area. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Avoid release to the environment. Observe good industrial hygiene practices. Precautions for safe handling Level 2 Aerosol. Pressurized container. Protect from sunlight and do not expose to temperatures exceeding 50?C/122 ?F. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not handle or store near an open flame, heat or other sources of ignition. This material can accumulate static charge which may cause spark and become an ignition source. Store in a well-ventilated place. Store away from incompatible materials (see Section 10 of the SDS). Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Occupational exposure limits US. OSHA Table Z-1 Limits for Air Contaminants (29 CFR 1910.1000) ValueComponents Type PEL 2400 mg/m3Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) 1000 ppm PEL 1050 mg/m3Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) 300 ppm PEL 1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6) 1000 ppm US. ACGIH Threshold Limit Values ValueComponents Type STEL 500 ppmAcetone (CAS 67-64-1) TWA 250 ppm TWA 100 ppmCyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) STEL 1000 ppmIsobutane (CAS 75-28-5) US. NIOSH: Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards ValueComponents Type TWA 590 mg/m3Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) 250 ppm TWA 1050 mg/m3Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) 300 ppm TWA 1900 mg/m3Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) 800 ppm TWA 1800 mg/m3Propane (CAS 74-98-6) 1000 ppm SECTION 7 HANDLING AND STORAGE SECTION 8 EXPOSURE CONTROLS / PERSONAL PROTECTION Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 4 of 11 Biological limit values ACGIH Biological Exposure Indices ValueComponents Determinant Specimen Sampling Time 25 mg/l Acetone Urine *Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) * - For sampling details, please see the source document. Good general ventilation (typically 10 air changes per hour) should be used. Ventilation rates should be matched to conditions. If applicable, use process enclosures, local exhaust ventilation, or other engineering controls to maintain airborne levels below recommended exposure limits. If exposure limits have not been established, maintain airborne levels to an acceptable level. Provide eyewash station. Appropriate engineering controls Individual protection measures, such as personal protective equipment Wear safety glasses with side shields (or goggles).Eye/face protection Skin protection Wear appropriate chemical resistant gloves. Suitable gloves can be recommended by the glove supplier. Hand protection Wear suitable protective clothing.Other If permissible levels are exceeded use NIOSH mechanical filter / organic vapor cartridge or an air-supplied respirator. Respiratory protection Wear appropriate thermal protective clothing, when necessary.Thermal hazards When using do not smoke. Always observe good personal hygiene measures, such as washing after handling the material and before eating, drinking, and/or smoking. Routinely wash work clothing and protective equipment to remove contaminants. General hygiene considerations Appearance Gas.Physical state Aerosol.Form Not available.Color Not available.Odor Odor threshold Not available. pH Not available. Melting point/freezing point Not available. Initial boiling point and boiling range 166.18 ?F (74.55 ?C) estimated Flash point -156.0 ?F (-104.4 ?C) propellant estimated Evaporation rate Not available. Not available.Flammability (solid, gas) Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits Flammability limit - lower (%) 0.8 % estimated Flammability limit - upper (%) 5.8 % estimated Explosive limit - lower (%) Not available. Explosive limit - upper (%) Not available. Vapor pressure Not available. Vapor density Not available. Relative density Not available. Solubility(ies) Solubility (water) Not available. Partition coefficient (n-octanol/water) Not available. Auto-ignition temperature 488 ?F (253.33 ?C) estimated Decomposition temperature Not available. SECTION 9 PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 5 of 11 Viscosity Not available. Other information Not explosive.Explosive properties Not oxidizing.Oxidizing properties Specific gravity 0.313 estimated The product is stable and non-reactive under normal conditions of use, storage and transport.Reactivity Material is stable under normal conditions.Chemical stability Hazardous polymerization does not occur.Possibility of hazardous reactions Avoid temperatures exceeding the flash point. Contact with incompatible materials.Conditions to avoid Acids. Strong oxidizing agents. Nitrates. Fluorine. Chlorine.Incompatible materials No hazardous decomposition products are known.Hazardous decomposition products Information on likely routes of exposure Inhalation Harmful if inhaled. Skin contact No adverse effects due to skin contact are expected. Eye contact Causes serious eye irritation. Ingestion Expected to be a low ingestion hazard. Symptoms related to the physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics Severe eye irritation. Symptoms may include stinging, tearing, redness, swelling, and blurred vision. Information on toxicological effects Acute toxicity Harmful if inhaled. Test ResultsComponents Species Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Dermal Acute LD50 Guinea pig > 7426 mg/kg, 24 Hours > 9.4 ml/kg, 24 Hours Rabbit > 7426 mg/kg, 24 Hours > 9.4 ml/kg, 24 Hours Inhalation LC50 Rat 55700 ppm, 3 Hours 132 mg/l, 3 Hours 50.1 mg/l Oral LD50 Rat 5800 mg/kg 2.2 ml/kg Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Dermal Acute LD50 Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg Inhalation LC50 Rat > 32880 mg/m3, 4 Hours > 5540 ppm, 4 Hours Oral LD50 Rabbit > 5000 mg/kg SECTION 10 STABILITY and REACTIVITY DATA SECTION 11 TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 6 of 11 Test ResultsComponents Species Rat > 5000 mg/kg Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Inhalation Acute LC50 Mouse 1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes 52 %, 120 Minutes Rat 1355 mg/l Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C15-30, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based (CAS 72623-86-0) Dermal Acute LD50 Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg > 2000 mg/kg, 24 Hours Inhalation LC50 Rat 2.18 mg/l, 4 Hours Oral LD50 Rat > 2000 mg/kg Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C20-50, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based (CAS 72623-87-1) Dermal Acute LD50 Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg > 2000 mg/kg, 24 Hours Inhalation LC50 Rat 2.18 mg/l, 4 Hours Oral LD50 Rat > 2000 mg/kg Naphtha (petroleum), Hydrotreated Light (CAS 64742-49-0) Dermal Acute LD50 Guinea pig; Rabbit > 9.4 ml/kg, 24 Hours Rabbit > 1900 mg/kg, 24 Hours Inhalation LC50 Rat > 5000 mg/m3, 4 Hours > 4980 mg/m3 > 4980 mg/m3, 4 Hours > 4.96 mg/l, 4 Hours 13700 ppm, 4 Hours Oral LD50 Rat 4820 mg/kg Petrolatum (CAS 8009-03-8) Dermal Acute LD50 Rabbit > 2000 mg/kg, 24 Hours Rat > 2000 mg/kg, 24 Hours Oral LD50 Rat > 5000 mg/kg Propane (CAS 74-98-6) Inhalation Acute LC50 Mouse 1237 mg/l, 120 Minutes Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 7 of 11 Test ResultsComponents Species 52 %, 120 Minutes Rat 1355 mg/l * Estimates for product may be based on additional component data not shown. 658 mg/l/4h Prolonged skin contact may cause temporary irritation.Skin corrosion/irritation Causes serious eye irritation.Serious eye damage/eye irritation Respiratory or skin sensitization Respiratory sensitization Not a respiratory sensitizer. This product is not expected to cause skin sensitization.Skin sensitization No data available to indicate product or any components present at greater than 0.1% are mutagenic or genotoxic. Germ cell mutagenicity Carcinogenicity This product is not considered to be a carcinogen by IARC, ACGIH, NTP, or OSHA. IARC Monographs. Overall Evaluation of Carcinogenicity Not listed. OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050) Not regulated. US. National Toxicology Program (NTP) Report on Carcinogens Not listed. This product is not expected to cause reproductive or developmental effects.Reproductive toxicity Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure Not classified. Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure Not classified. Aspiration hazard Not likely, due to the form of the product. Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects.Ecotoxicity Components Test ResultsSpecies Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Aquatic EC50Crustacea 21.6 - 23.9 mg/l, 48 hoursWater flea (Daphnia magna) LC50Fish 4740 - 6330 mg/l, 96 hoursRainbow trout,donaldson trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) * Estimates for product may be based on additional component data not shown. Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Aquatic LC50Fish 23.03 - 42.07 mg/l, 96 hoursFathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) No data is available on the degradability of this product. Persistence and degradability Bioaccumulative potential Partition coefficient n-octanol / water (log Kow) Acetone -0.24 Cyclohexane 3.44 Isobutane 2.76 Propane 2.36 No data available.Mobility in soil Other adverse effects No other adverse environmental effects (e.g. ozone depletion, photochemical ozone creation potential, endocrine disruption, global warming potential) are expected from this component. SECTION 12 ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 8 of 11 Collect and reclaim or dispose in sealed containers at licensed waste disposal site. Contents under pressure. Do not puncture, incinerate or crush. Do not allow this material to drain into sewers/water supplies. Do not contaminate ponds, waterways or ditches with chemical or used container. Dispose of contents/container in accordance with local/regional/national/international regulations. Disposal instructions Dispose in accordance with all applicable regulations.Local disposal regulations The waste code should be assigned in discussion between the user, the producer and the waste disposal company. Hazardous waste code Dispose of in accordance with local regulations. Empty containers or liners may retain some product residues. This material and its container must be disposed of in a safe manner (see: Disposal instructions). Waste from residues / unused products Since emptied containers may retain product residue, follow label warnings even after container is emptied. Empty containers should be taken to an approved waste handling site for recycling or disposal. Do not re-use empty containers. Contaminated packaging DOT UN1950UN number Aerosols, flammable, (each not exceeding 1 L capacity)UN proper shipping name 2.1Class Transport hazard class(es) -Subsidiary risk 2.1Label(s) Not applicable.Packing group Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Special precautions for user N82Special provisions 306Packaging exceptions NonePackaging non bulk NonePackaging bulk This product meets the exception requirements of section 173.306 as a limited quantity and may be shipped as a limited quantity. Until 12/31/2020, the "Consumer Commodity - ORM-D" marking may still be used in place of the new limited quantity diamond mark for packages of UN 1950 Aerosols. Limited quantities require the limited quantity diamond mark on cartons after 12/31/20 and may be used now in place of the "Consumer Commodity ORM-D" marking and both may be displayed concurrently. IATA UN1950UN number Aerosols, flammableUN proper shipping name 2.1Class Transport hazard class(es) -Subsidiary risk 2.1Label(s) Not applicable.Packing group No.Environmental hazards 10LERG Code Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Special precautions for user Allowed with restrictions.Passenger and cargo aircraft Other information Allowed with restrictions.Cargo aircraft only LTD QTYPackaging Exceptions IMDG UN1950UN number AEROSOLSUN proper shipping name 2.1Class Transport hazard class(es) -Subsidiary risk 2.1Label(s) Not applicable.Packing group SECTION 13 DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS SECTION 14 TRANSPORT INFORMATION Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 9 of 11 No.Marine pollutant Environmental hazards F-D, S-UEmS Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Read safety instructions, SDS and emergency procedures before handling. Special precautions for user LTD QTYPackaging Exceptions Not applicable.Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code DOT IATA; IMDG This product is a "Hazardous Chemical" as defined by the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR 1910.1200. US federal regulations TSCA Section 12(b) Export Notification (40 CFR 707, Subpt. D) Not regulated. CERCLA Hazardous Substance List (40 CFR 302.4) Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Listed. Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Listed. SARA 304 Emergency release notification Not regulated. OSHA Specifically Regulated Substances (29 CFR 1910.1001-1050) Not regulated. Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) Immediate Hazard - Yes Delayed Hazard - No Fire Hazard - Yes Pressure Hazard - No Reactivity Hazard - No Hazard categories SARA 302 Extremely hazardous substance Not listed. NoSARA 311/312 Hazardous chemical SARA 313 (TRI reporting) Chemical name CAS number % by wt. Cyclohexane 110-82-7 0.1 - 1 SECTION 15 REGULATORY INFORMATION Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 10 of 11 Other federal regulations Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) List Not regulated. Clean Air Act (CAA) Section 112(r) Accidental Release Prevention (40 CFR 68.130) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Propane (CAS 74-98-6) Not regulated.Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). List 2, Essential Chemicals (21 CFR 1310.02(b) and 1310.04(f)(2) and Chemical Code Number Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) 6532 Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). List 1 & 2 Exempt Chemical Mixtures (21 CFR 1310.12(c)) Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) 35 %WV DEA Exempt Chemical Mixtures Code Number Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) 6532 US state regulations US. California Controlled Substances. CA Department of Justice (California Health and Safety Code Section 11100) Not listed. US. California. Candidate Chemicals List. Safer Consumer Products Regulations (Cal. Code Regs, tit. 22, 69502.3, subd. (a)) Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C15-30, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based (CAS 72623-86-0) Lubricating Oils (petroleum), C20-50, Hydrotreated Neutral Oil-based (CAS 72623-87-1) Naphtha (petroleum), Hydrotreated Light (CAS 64742-49-0) Petrolatum (CAS 8009-03-8) US. Massachusetts RTK - Substance List Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Propane (CAS 74-98-6) US. New Jersey Worker and Community Right-to-Know Act Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Propane (CAS 74-98-6) US. Pennsylvania Worker and Community Right-to-Know Law Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Propane (CAS 74-98-6) US. Rhode Island RTK Acetone (CAS 67-64-1) Cyclohexane (CAS 110-82-7) Isobutane (CAS 75-28-5) Propane (CAS 74-98-6) US. California Proposition 65 California Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986 (Proposition 65): This material is not known to contain any chemicals currently listed as carcinogens or reproductive toxins. International Inventories Country(s) or region Inventory name On inventory (yes/no)* NoAustralia Australian Inventory of Chemical Substances (AICS) NoCanada Domestic Substances List (DSL) NoCanada Non-Domestic Substances List (NDSL) NoChina Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances in China (IECSC) NoEurope European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS) NoEurope European List of Notified Chemical Substances (ELINCS) Endura Product Code: C1630 Page 11 of 11 Country(s) or region Inventory name On inventory (yes/no)* NoJapan Inventory of Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS) NoKorea Existing Chemicals List (ECL) NoNew Zealand New Zealand Inventory NoPhilippines Philippine Inventory of Chemicals and Chemical Substances (PICCS) YesUnited States & Puerto Rico Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory *A "Yes" indicates that all components of this product comply with the inventory requirements administered by the governing country(s) A "No" indicates that one or more components of the product are not listed or exempt from listing on the inventory administered by the governing country(s). SECTION 16 OTHER INFORMATION Disclaimer Terms and Conditions. This SDS is designed only as guidance for the products to which it applies. To the greatest extent permitted by applicable law, nothing contained herein creates any legal obligation including contractual obligations, expressed or implied warranties, including any warranties of merchantability or fitness for particular purpose; or confers any intellectual property rights, including rights to use trademarks or a license to use patents, issued or pending. The information contained herein is based on the manufacturer's own study and the work of others, and is subject to change at any time without further notice. There is no warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of the information contained herein, and neither the provider nor the manufacturer (nor the agents, directors, officers, contractors or employees of either) are liable to any party for any damages of any nature, including direct, special or consequential damages arising out of or in connection with the accuracy, completeness, adequacy or furnishing of any information in this SDS, or in any other way related (directly or indirectly) to this SDS. The receipt and use of this information constitutes consent to these terms and conditions. Other: NA-Not Applicable, ND-Not Determined, NE-Not Established. PREPARED: 6/21/93 UPDATED: 8/24/16 PRODUCT #: C1630 Slide 1 Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11